"aintaining 'ife "aintaining )oundaries: an organism must keep its internal environment distinct from its external environment. %he organismal organismal level represents represents the sum total of all structural structural levels working working together to keep us alive. Organ system le$el : organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an organ system. t the organ level, extremely complex functions functions become possible. Organ: a discrete discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that perform a speci"c function for the body. #our basic types: epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue. Tissue le$el: groups of similar cells that have a common function. 'olecules associate to form organelles, the basic components of living cells. 'e$els of !tructural Organi(ation Chemical le$el: atoms combine to form molecules such as water and proteins. #unction always re&ects structure and anatomy and physiology is inseparable. $ften focuses on events at cellular or molecular level.Ĭomplementarity of !tructure and %unction #e&nition: %he principle of complementarity of structure and function states that what a structure can do depends on its speci"c form. #or example, renal physiology concerns kidney function and urine production. Topics of Physiology as many di!erent subdivisions, mostly concerning speci"c body systems. Subdivisions include cytology cytology (cells (cells of the body) and histology (study histology (study of tissues) #e$elopmental anatomy: studies changes in the body throughout the life span, a subdivision being embryology embryology, the study of developmental changes before birth. "icroscopic anatomy: the study of structures structures too small to be seen with the naked eye (ex.
PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TORTORA POWERPOINTS SKIN
!urface anatomy: the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. kidneys, lungs) egional anatomy: all the structures of the body (muscles, bones, blood, etc.) in a particular region (legs, abdomen, etc.) are studied at one time !ystemic anatomy: body structure is studied system by system. Topics of o f Anatomy Gross/macroscopic anatomy: the study of large body structures (ex. Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation Anatomy: the study of the body’s structures structures and their relationships to one another Physiology: the study of the body’s function.